Lost Learning Forgotten Promises: A National Analysis of School Racial Segregation, Student Achievement, and “Controlled Choice” Plans

The struggle to desegregate America’s schools while ensuring equal educational
opportunities for students of all races is one of the greatest social challenges the nation
has faced over the last half century. While significant progress has been made since the
Supreme Court’s 1954 landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education, thousands of
schools around the country are still almost completely segregated. In the coming months,
the Court will once again address the issue when it considers the constitutionality of
“controlled choice” programs in Louisville and Seattle. These efforts, unlike the
controversial busing of the 1960s and 1970s, are implemented without court intervention
and allow parents a variety of school choices while still ensuring some degree of racial
integration.

This report considers the educational consequences of the considerable racial
segregation that remains in schools today and the potential of controlled choice to address
them. It begins with an extensive review of research regarding the effects of school
integration. Previous research provides relatively strong evidence that desegregation
helps minority students reach higher academic achievement and better long-term
outcomes such as college attendance and employment.