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Economic activity migrates from countries and states that impose emission controls to those that do not, since the latter now have lower energy costs and/or fewer regulatory burdens. Leakage rates will vary widely depending on the type of program and from state to state based on a variety of factors. Attempts to impose higher fuel economy standards, for example, would have a “leakage” rate of 100 percent.
Joseph Bast
Joseph Bast is a Senior Fellow at The Heartland Institute. He cofounded Heartland in 1984, serving as executive director then as president & CEO until January 2018. His research and writing focuses on climate change and energy policy.
